Adobe Photoshop
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|---|---|
 Adobe Photoshop CS5 x64 running on Windows 7 x64 | |
| Developer(s) | Adobe Systems |
| Stable release | CS5 (12.0) / April 30, 2010 |
| Written in | C++ |
| Platform | Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows |
| Available in | 27 languages |
| Type | Raster graphics editor |
| License | Proprietary software |
| Website | adobe.com/photoshop |
Adobe Photoshop (Photoshop), is a graphics editing program developed and published by Adobe Systems.
Adobe's 2003 "Creative Suite" rebranding led to Adobe Photoshop 8's renaming to Adobe Photoshop CS (Photoshop 7 was the final version which ran on the Windows 98 platform). Thus, Adobe Photoshop CS5 is the 12th major release of Adobe Photoshop. The CS rebranding also resulted in Adobe offering numerous software packages containing multiple Adobe programs for a reduced price. There are two versions of Photoshop: Basic and Extended, with Extended having extra features available. Adobe Photoshop Extended is included in all of Adobe's Creative Suite offerings but Design Standard, which has the Basic version.
Development
Early history
In 1987, Thomas Knoll, a PhD student at the University of Michigan, began writing a program on his Macintosh Plus to display grayscale images on a monochrome display. This program, called Display, caught the attention of his brother John Knoll, an Industrial Light & Magic employee, who recommended Thomas turn it into a full-fledged image editing program. Thomas took a six month break from his studies in 1988 to collaborate with his brother on the program, which had been renamed ImagePro.[1] Later that year, Thomas renamed his program Photoshop and worked out a short-term deal with scanner manufacturer Barneyscan to distribute copies of the program with a slide scanner; a "total of about 200 copies of Photoshop were shipped" this way.[2]
During this time, John traveled to Silicon Valley and gave a demonstration of the program to engineers at Apple and Russell Brown, art director at Adobe. Both showings were successful, and Adobe decided to purchase the license to distribute in September 1988.[1] While John worked on plug-ins in California, Thomas remained in Ann Arbor writing program code. Photoshop 1.0 was released in 1990 for Macintosh exclusively.[3]
Features
Further information: Comparison of raster graphics editors#Features
Photoshop has strong ties with other Adobe software for media editing, animation, and authoring. The .PSD (Photoshop Document), Photoshop's native format, stores an image with support for most imaging options available in Photoshop. These include layers with masks, color spaces, ICC profiles, transparency, text, alpha channels and spot colors, clipping paths, and duotone settings. This is in contrast to many other file formats (e.g. .EPS or .GIF) that restrict content to provide streamlined, predictable functionality.
Photoshop's popularity means that the .PSD format is widely used, and it is supported to some extent by most competing software. The .PSD file format can be exported to and from Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Premiere Pro, and After Effects, to make professional standard DVDs and provide non-linear editing and special effects services, such as backgrounds, textures, and so on, for television, film, and the Web. Photoshop is a pixel-based image editor, unlike programs such as Macromedia FreeHand (now defunct), Adobe Illustrator, Inkscape or CorelDraw, which are vector-based image editors.
Photoshop can utilize the color models RGB, lab, CMYK, grayscale, binary bitmap, and duotone. Photoshop has the ability to read and write raster and vector image formats such as .EPS, .PNG, .GIF, .JPEG, and Adobe Fireworks.
CS3
Smart Layers display the filter without altering the original image (here on Mac OS X)
New features propagating productivity include streamlined interface, improved Camera Raw, better control over print options, enhanced PDF support, and better management with Adobe Bridge. Editing tools new to CS3 are the Clone Source palette and nondestructive Smart Filters, and other features such as the Brightness/Contrast adjustment and Vanishing Point module were enhanced. The Black and White adjustment option improves users control over manual grayscale conversions with a dialog box similar to that of Channel Mixer. Compositing is assisted with Photoshop's new Quick Selection and Refine Edge tools and improved image stitching technology.[4]
CS3 Extended contains all features of CS3 plus tools for editing and importing some 3D graphics file formats, enhancing video, and comprehensive image analysis tools, utilizing MATLAB integration and DICOM file support.[5]
CS4
Photoshop CS4 features a completely new 3d engine that allows users the ability to paint directly on 3D models, wrap 2D images around 3D shapes, convert gradient maps to 3D objects, add depth to layers and text, get print-quality output with the new ray-tracing rendering engine, and enjoy exporting to supported common 3D formats; the new Adjustment and Mask Panels; Content-aware scaling (also known as seam carving[6]); Fluid Canvas Rotation and File display options.[7] On 30 April, Adobe released Photoshop CS4 Extended, which includes all the same features of Adobe Photoshop CS4 with the addition of capabilities for scientific imaging, 3D, and high end film and video users. The successor to Photoshop CS3, Photoshop CS4 is the first 64-bit Photoshop on consumer computers (only on Windows – the OS X version is still 32-bit only.)[8]
CS5
Photoshop CS5 was launched on April 12, 2010.[9] In a video posted on its official Facebook page, the development team revealed the new technologies under development, including three dimensional brushes and warping tools.[10] Adobe CS5 is expected to make strong use of CUDA technology on Nvidia graphics cards.[11]
A version of Adobe Photoshop CS5 Extended was used for a Prerelease Beta. A large group of selected Photoshop users were invited to beta test in Mid-February of 2010.
Release history
| Version | Platforms | Code name | Release date | Notable features |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.0 | Mac OS | February 1990 |
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| 2.0 | Mac OS | Fast Eddy | June 1991 |
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| 2.5 | Mac OS, Windows, IRIX and Solaris | 1993 |
| |
| 3.0 | Mac OS, Windows, IRIX and Solaris | Tiger Mountain | September 1994 |
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| 5.0 | Mac OS, Windows | Strange Cargo | May 1998 |
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| 5.5 | Mac OS, Windows | February 1999 |
| |
| 6.0 | Mac OS, Windows | Venus in Furs | September 2000 |
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| 7.0 | Mac OS, Windows | Liquid Sky | March 2002 |
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| CS (8.0) | Mac OS, Windows | Dark Matter | October 2003 |
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| CS2 (9.0) | Mac OS, Windows | Space Monkey | April 2005 |
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| CS3 (10.0) | Mac OS, Windows | Red Pill | April 2007 | Two versions: Basic and Extended Basic:
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| Express | Internet | March 27, 2008 | ||
| CS4 (11.0) | Mac OS, Windows | Stonehenge | September 23, 2008 | Two versions: Basic and Extended Basic:
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| CS5 (12.0) | Mac OS, Windows | White Rabbit | April 12, 2010 (launch) April 30, 2010 (sale) | Two versions: Basic and Extended Basic:
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Language availabilities
Photoshop is available in the following languages:
Brazilian Portuguese, Chinese Simplified, Chinese Traditional, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish and Ukrainian.[12]
The Arabic, Greek, Hebrew, Middle Eastern, and North African language versions are available from Winsoft.[12]
Plugins
Main article: Photoshop plugin
Photoshop functionality can be extended by add-on programs called Photoshop plugins which act like mini-editors that modify the image. The most common type are filter plugins that provide various image effects. They are located in the 'Filter' menu. Photoshop plugin API has become a standard, and many other image editors also support Photoshop Plugins.
Adobe Camera Raw (also known as ACR and Camera Raw) is a special plugin, supplied free by Adobe, used primarily to read and process raw image files so that the resultant images can be processed by Photoshop.[13] It is invoked by attempting to open such a file, rather than from the 'Filter' menu, but like other plugins is listed in the 'Help > About Plug-In' menu (as "Camera Raw"). It can also be opened via the Adobe Bridge by clicking on any image and selecting 'File > Open in Adobe Camera Raw'.
Trademark
Adobe discourages use of "Photoshop" as a verb, as in using photoshopping to refer to photo editing or image manipulation, to prevent its trademark from becoming a genericized trademark.[14] Nevertheless, photoshop is commonly used as a verb.[15] Its essential ubiquity in the high-end market almost assures that it will be inducted into reference works (such as dictionaries) as a viable definition for any type of computerised image alteration, whether done through the use of Photoshop software or not.
